Ketamine has long been recognized as an anesthetic used in medical settings. Still, in recent years, its recreational use and potential as a treatment for mental health conditions like depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have drawn significant attention. For some, it has become a lifeline, offering hope in the face of depression, but for others, it has led to dangerous patterns of abuse and addiction.
The tragic death of actor Matthew Perry is a reminder of the potential risks of misuse, as he had reportedly been using ketamine in an attempt to manage his mental health struggles. His story highlights the importance of careful consideration and professional guidance when it comes to ketamine use. But, the question remains: is ketamine addictive?
In this article, we will explore the potential risks of ketamine, how it works in the body, and its connection to addiction. Let’s also take a deeper dive into why people are turning to ketamine to manage mental health issues and the role it plays in both medical and recreational settings.
What is Ketamine?
Ketamine is a type of anesthetic known for producing dissociative effects, commonly utilized in hospitals for surgical anesthesia over the past several decades. It can induce a trance-like state, providing pain relief and sedation. In addition to its use in operating rooms, ketamine has been found to have rapid antidepressant effects, leading to its use in treating certain mental health conditions like depression and trauma-related disorders.
Over the years, ketamine became popular as a recreational drug, often called “Special K” on the streets, valued for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects that create a sense of detachment from reality.
How Ketamine Helps People Manage Depression and Trauma Symptoms
Depression and trauma are two conditions that can feel inescapable, and for many people, finding the right treatment can be a journey of trial and error. Traditional medications for depression, such as SSRIs, can take weeks or even months to take effect, leaving people frustrated and hopeless. As a result, some individuals seek faster alternatives, turning to treatments like ketamine.
The fast-acting effects of ketamine in easing depression symptoms, especially when traditional medications fall short, have drawn significant attention. Research has shown that ketamine can work in a different way than conventional antidepressants, targeting glutamate receptors in the brain, which play a crucial role in mood regulation. This rapid action is what makes ketamine particularly appealing for those who are struggling with severe, treatment-resistant depression.
Additionally, people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have turned to ketamine for its potential to alleviate the haunting symptoms of trauma. For some, ketamine treatment provides a short escape from the overwhelming emotions linked to trauma. This relief can help individuals confront and process their pain with greater clarity.
Is Ketamine Approved for the Treatment of Depression by the FDA?
In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved specific forms of ketamine, such as esketamine (Spravato), for the treatment of depression under the care of a healthcare professional.
However, ketamine therapy for mental health conditions remains relatively new. It is generally used alongside other treatments, and the broader application of intravenous (IV) ketamine is still being evaluated through ongoing research and clinical studies.
Despite its potential benefits, ketamine carries significant risks, particularly when administered without professional oversight.
Who Qualifies for Ketamine Treatments?
Individuals who may qualify for ketamine treatments include:
- Treatment-resistant depression: People who have not shown improvement after using two or more different antidepressant medications.
- Severe depression: Individuals with major depressive disorder who experience intense, persistent symptoms.
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): People with PTSD who have not found relief from traditional therapies.
- Chronic pain: Those suffering from conditions like fibromyalgia or complex regional pain syndrome.
- Anxiety disorders and other mental illnesses: In some cases, ketamine is commonly used to treat depression, types of anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions when other treatments fail.
- Patients under close medical supervision: Ketamine must be administered in a controlled setting, often in a clinic or hospital, to ensure safety.
Side Effects of Ketamine Abuse
While ketamine can be a helpful tool in managing certain mental health conditions, its misuse can lead to dangerous side effects and health problems. When used recreationally or in high doses, ketamine can cause:
- Hallucinations and dissociation: The sense of detachment from reality can be distressing and disorienting.
- Cognitive impairment: Memory loss and difficulty concentrating are common side effects.
- Bladder and urinary tract issues: Chronic use of ketamine can lead to painful bladder conditions, including ketamine-induced cystitis.
- Respiratory problems: At high doses, ketamine can depress the respiratory system, making it harder to breathe.
- Heart problems: Ketamine can cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. This poses risks for people with existing heart or blood vessel conditions.
When ketamine is used in a medical setting, the risks of side effects are greatly reduced. Careful monitoring of dosage and treatment frequency helps ensure patient safety.
Potential Risks of Using Ketamine
Although ketamine is administered in medical settings, it still carries certain risks. Some of these include:
- Psychological dependence and addiction: As mentioned earlier, ketamine can be psychologically addictive, especially when abused.
- Limited long-term research: Although short-term improvements are seen, the lasting effects of ketamine for depression and PTSD are still unknown. More studies are needed to fully understand its long-term safety and effectiveness.
- Risk of abuse: People using ketamine for medical reasons may start misusing it recreationally over time. This misuse increases the chances of addiction and exposure to harmful side effects.
- Severe withdrawal symptoms: Ketamine withdrawal can be physically and psychologically challenging, particularly after long-term abuse.
Because of these risks, ketamine therapy should be carefully managed by medical specialists.
Regular follow-ups are important to monitor the patient’s response and ensure safe, effective treatment.
Is Ketamine Addictive?
One of the biggest concerns surrounding ketamine is its potential for addiction. Although ketamine does not cause the same type of physical dependence seen with substances like alcohol or opioids, it can still be highly psychologically addictive. People may begin to depend on the feelings of detachment or emotional escape that ketamine creates. This reliance can make it difficult to stop using the drug, even when it causes serious problems in their lives.
Continued ketamine use can lead individuals to develop a tolerance over time. As tolerance builds, larger or more frequent doses are needed to feel the same effects. This pattern increases the risk of harmful side effects and long-term damage to both the body and mind. Recognizing the early warning signs of ketamine addiction is important for seeking help before the problem worsens.
Common signs of ketamine addiction include:
- Using ketamine more frequently or in larger amounts than prescribed
- Prioritizing ketamine use over work, relationships, or other responsibilities
- Finding it difficult to reduce or control ketamine use despite negative outcomes
- Going through withdrawal symptoms, such as cravings or mood swings, when trying to stop
- Engaging in risky or illegal activities to access more ketamine
Taking action early can help break the cycle of ketamine use before it becomes harder to overcome.
How Long Does Ketamine Stay in Your System?
Ketamine’s effects are relatively short-lived, typically lasting between 30 minutes and an hour. However, traces of the drug can remain in the body much longer. On average, ketamine can be detected in urine for up to 3 to 5 days after use, but this timeframe can vary based on several factors, such as how frequently the drug is used, the dose taken, and an individual’s metabolism.
Other drug tests, such as blood, saliva, or hair tests, may also detect ketamine for different periods. For example, ketamine may appear in blood tests for about 24 hours and remain in hair samples for up to several months.
If you’re concerned about ketamine appearing in a drug test, it’s important to understand how your body processes substances over time. Keep in mind that the long-term impact of ketamine use, especially when used repeatedly, can influence how the drug affects the body and mind in the future.
Ketamine Addiction Treatment
Fortunately, ketamine addiction is treatable. Those struggling with ketamine addiction can benefit from inpatient rehabilitation programs or outpatient services, therapy, and support groups. Treatment options typically include:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals address the underlying emotional or psychological issues that contribute to ketamine abuse.
- Medication-assisted treatment: In some cases, medications may be used to help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
- Medical detox: A medically supervised detox process can help individuals safely manage withdrawal symptoms and stabilize before beginning further treatment.
- Group therapy: Participating in group therapy offers individuals a supportive environment to share experiences, build connections, and strengthen recovery efforts.
Recover from Drug Addiction at Discovery Institute
If you or a loved one is struggling with ketamine addiction, it’s important to seek professional help. At Discovery Institute, we offer a comprehensive approach to addiction treatment through personalized, client-focused programs. We are committed to helping individuals break free from substance abuse and achieve lasting recovery. A team of experts will support you every step of the way, providing compassionate care and effective treatment. Contact us today!
Dr. Michael DeShields, MD, ASAM, DABAM, is a distinguished Medical Director with nearly 40 years of expertise in addiction medicine. A diplomate of the American Board of Addiction Medicine and the American Society of Addiction Medicine since 1996, he is renowned for his leadership and commitment to evidence-based, patient-centered care. Dr. DeShields earned his medical degree from Temple University School of Medicine and completed his training at Cooper University Medical Center, where he cultivated his passion for addiction treatment. His dedication and innovation continue to shape the field, guiding clinical teams and supporting patients on their recovery journey.
